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Neuroendocrine carcinoma, which was first reported in 1907, is a rare disease [1]. This cancer most commonly originates in the gastrointestinal tract, although it can occur in the lungs, thymus, parathyroid gland, ovaries, and biliary system. However, mediastinal primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (MPSCN) is extremely rare. Its origin is not clear [2]. The diagnosis of MPSCN requires a combination of pathological and immunohistochemical examination. The survival of patients with MPSCN was reported to be very poor, no more than 12 months [3]. Because of its rarity, only a few cases with therapy are reported in the literature. Herein, we present a case of MPSCN and the patient was alive more than three years after combined local resection, radiation, and chemotherapy.

Mediastinum primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma