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Cryptorchidism – the absence of one or both testes in the normal scrotal position – is the most common birth defect of the male genitalia. In full-term newborn boys its incidence is estimated at 2–5%. During the first three months of life, in half of these boys the testicles will descend spontaneously into the scrotum, but at the end of the first year of life 1% of boys will have cryptorchidism. Among boys born prematurely, about 30% of them have undescended testicles at birth, but also in such cases approximately 80% of undescended testes descend by the third month of life. The authors discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, aetiology, and treatment of undescended testicle in boys.

Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. Evaluation and treatment of undescended testicle