English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Small, locally restricted renal cell carcinoma less than 4 cm in size should ideally be removed operatively by nephron-sparing tumour enucleation (partial kidney resection). In an increasingly elderly population, there is a growing trend toward parallel incidence of renal cell carcinoma and chronic renal insufficiency, with the latter's associated general comorbidities. Thus, for some patients, the risks of the anaesthesia and operation increase, while the advantage in terms of survival decreases. Transcutaneous radio-frequency ablation under local anaesthesia, transcutaneous afterloading high-dose-rate brachytherapy under local anaesthesia, and percutaneous stereotactic ablative radiotherapy may offer a less invasive alternative therapy. Active surveillance is to be regarded as no more than a controlled bridging up to definitive treatment (operation or ablation), while watchful waiting, on account of the lack of prognostic relevance and the symptomatology of renal cell carcinoma, with its comorbidity-related, clearly reduced life expectancy, does not involve any further diagnostic or therapeutic measures.

Small renal carcinoma: the “when” and “how” of operation, active surveillance, and ablation