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Studies on the association between calf circumference (CC) and mortality has been limited. Therefore, we examined the association between CC and all-cause, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality in the present study.    Material and methods  The data was retrieved from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES), composing of 20, 214 individuals aged ≥ 18 years with CC being measured. We performed multivariate Cox regression models to examine the associations, then stratified the regression models into subgroups to test for interactions.    Results  Among 20, 214 participants, 47.25% were men and the mean age was 45.8 years. In the fully adjusted model, each 1 cm increment in CC was inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.92, 95%CI = 0.90-0.94, P &lt; 0.0001) and cardiovascular mortality (HR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.84-0.97, P = 0.0056). Meanwhile, the highest quartile of CC had 50% (HR = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.40-0.64, P trend &lt; 0.001) lower risk of all-cause mortality and 57% (HR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.21-0.88, P trend = 0.045) lower risk of cardiovascular mortality, compared to the lowest quartile of CC. For cerebrovascular mortality, CC did not have significant associations with mortality.    Conclusions  Our results suggested an independently inverse association between CC and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

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The association of calf circumference and all-cause, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys