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Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is widely used as an irritant. Inflammatory and immune related cytokines/ chemokines are released by keratinocytes following SDS irritation. However, a specific effect of SDS on keratinocytes and the mechanism of skin irritation caused by SDS have not been investigated. To explore the irritant mechanism of SDS on keratinocytes, a gene microarray was used to detect the changes in gene expression after treating keratinocytes with SDS for different amounts of time. After 0.5 h and 1 h SDS exposure, there were changes mainly in genes in the rheumatoid arthritis pathway (CCL5, IL-6, FOS, CSF1, and HLA-DPB1) and TNF signaling pathway (TNF, CSF2, CXCL3, TNFAIP3, PTGS2, CXCL8, CCL20, and PIK3CA) to cause a pro-inflammatory reaction as well as autoimmune activation. After treating with SDS for 2 h and 4 h, there were changes in the expression of genes (LIF, PIM1, MAP3K8, CCNA1, RUNX1, and CYP1) that are related to cell apoptosis and cancerization. This was related to changes in transcriptional activity in the cancer and tryptophan metabolism pathway. Overall, SDS irritation caused different changes in gene expression over time, which altered the state of keratinocytes affecting processes of inflammation, autoimmune response, cell apoptosis, and cancerization. These results provide insight into the irritation process of SDS and provide reference for the future evaluation of skin irritation.

Insight into the Mechanism of SDS Irritation on Human Skin Keratinocytes by Examination of Changes in Gene Expression