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Microbial plant protection products as substitutes for chemical PPPs enjoy an increasing popularity because of their compatibility with integrated pest management. Important are primarily PPPs with different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) as active substance due to selective effects on insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. Despite the presumed safety for non-target insects, several studies with contrasting results show potential harms of some B.t.-products for insects of other orders like Hymenoptera. Due to the foraging activity of bees, they could be exposed to B.t.-products either acutely after spray application or chronically through ingestion of contaminated pollen and nectar. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiome of honeybees is a crucial factor for bee health. The most studies were carried out under laboratory conditions and there is still no information about the plasticity of the core microbiome under colony field realistic conditions. Therefore, it is considered as an essential issue to clarify the contribution of the gut microbiome in the development of healthy bees and the relationship to applied microbial PPPs.

Assessment of the impacts of microbial plant protection products on the health and development of the gut microbiome of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.)