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We examined the effects of water domains on seismic wavefields at the Taal volcano, Philippines, where there is a summit crater lake on an active volcanic island surrounded by a caldera lake. We conducted forward waveform simulation and synthetic waveform inversion using the 3D finite-difference method for various models with and without the water lakes. Our study demonstrated the existence of both near-and far-field effects of the water domains. The near-field effect is related to source excitation affected by a water domain, and the far-field effect is caused by dispersion of Rayleigh waves propagating through a water domain. Our study also showed that the replacement of water by a vacuum rather than by a solid medium provides a better approximation of a water domain. A water domain has considerable effect on seismic waveforms and must be properly treated when the waveform period is shorter than 2 s, even if recording stations lie in the near field. If the waveform period is longer than 5 s, a water domain has a minor effect on seismic waveforms and may be replaced by a vacuum.

Effects of water domains on seismic wavefields: A simulation case study at Taal volcano, Philippines