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The closest living relatives of humans are their chimpanzee/bonobo ( Pan ) sister species, members of the same subfamily “Homininae”. This classification is supported by over 50 years of research in the fields of chimpanzee cultural diversity, language competency, genomics, anatomy, high cognition, psychology, society, self-consciousness and relation to others, tool use/production, as well as  Homo  level emotions, symbolic competency, memory recollection, complex multifaceted problem-solving capabilities, and interspecies communication. Language competence and symbolism can be continuously bridged from chimpanzee to man. Emotions, intercommunity aggression, body language, gestures, facial expressions, and vocalization of intonations seem to parallel between the sister taxa  Homo  and  Pan . The shared suite of traits between  Pan  and  Homo  genus demonstrated in this article integrates old and new information on human–chimpanzee evolution, bilateral informational and cross-cultural exchange, promoting the urgent need for  Pan  cultures in the wild to be protected, as they are part of the cultural heritage of mankind. Also, we suggest that bonobos,  Pan paniscus,  based on shared traits with  Australopithecus , need to be included in Australopithecine’s subgenus, and may even represent living-fossil Australopithecines. Unfolding bonobo and chimpanzee biology highlights our common genetic and cultural evolutionary origins.

Can Chimpanzee Biology Highlight Human Origin and Evolution?