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The trial of the four surviving senior members of the Khmer Rouge leadership was a difficult undertaking from the start. The elderly defendants were in frail health. Illness and death reduced the number of the accused to just two. The Cambodian government, led by Hun Sen, was not eager to have any trials at all, and was determined that the trial not implicate officials who were now allied with the ruling regime. The conflicting agendas of the international judges on the hybrid court and the Cambodian government often left the court mired in disputes. The Cambodian genocide tribunal illustrates the political complexities and challenges involved in pursuing charges against perpetrators, especially when the trial is held decades after the genocide occurred. Despite the satisfaction that some observers, foreign and domestic, derived from seeing some of the major perpetrators of the Cambodian genocide brought before a tribunal, many aspects of the trial before the court, formally known as the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC, and often called the Khmer Rouge Tribunal,) left various concerned parties immensely displeased. The trial commenced 32 years after the Khmer Rouge had been driven from power by the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in January 1979. Even after the principle of genocide trials for leading Khmer Rouge cadres had been agreed to in 1997, seemingly interminable haggling between the United Nations and the Cambodian government over the composition of the court and the scope of its jurisdiction, delayed the start of judicial proceedings for a dozen years. (Only a single defendant had been tried before the start of the trial of the major perpetrators in 2011.) Many human rights activists argued that there were numerous other perpetrators of genocide who should be brought before the tribunal in future proceedings. In the summer of 2012, the Cambodian government led by Prime Minister Hun Sen remained adamant in its opposition to holding more than two trials and there was little evidence that the United Nations or major donor nations to Cambodia could, or would, exert sufficient pressure to force a concession from Hun Sen that would permit more trials. Critics of the ECCC argued that it was, in essence, too little and too late.

The Quest for Justice in Cambodia: Power, Politics, and the Khmer Rouge Tribunal