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Large-scale pyroclastic eruptions (LSPE) can eject 10s⊖100s km of silicic magma onto the Earth’s surface as pumice falls and ignimbrites. The evacuation of voluminous magma from a shallow magma chamber may result in the collapse of a caldera. The frequency of LSPE is “low”, with less than 10 eruptions of VEI 7 or more recorded during the last 10,000 years on the Earth. However, LSPE can cause fatal disasters both near the eruption site and at a distance from it, while also seriously impacting the global climate. Pyroclastic fall-outs, ignimbrite flows, and tsunamis during the 1815 eruption of Tambora (Self et al., 1984) and the 1883 eruption of Krakatau (Self and Rampino, 1981) caused destructive damage in areas surrounding the volcanos, although magmas ejected during these eruptions totaled less than 100 km. Large volumes of volcanic ash in the atmosphere also resulted in a climatic aberration, known as the Year Without a Summer, in Europe (Robock, 2000). Although these eruptions are the largest known in history, many geological records indicate that some pre-historic LSPE discharged magmas in volumes of an order one or two times larger than these Indonesian examples. Many collapsed calderas surrounded by massive ignimbrite deposits are distributed in subduction zones and continental hot spots. A detailed analysis of deposits surrounding these collapsed caldera reveals that on average more than one mega-eruption VEI > 8 occurs on the Earth every 10,000 years. Recently, the possibility of LSPE and related potential disasters occurring have been highlighted with a consensus about the risk of lowfrequency natural disasters (e.g., Tatsumi and Suzuki-Kamata, 2014). There have been many volcanological studies, taking various approaches, on the mechanisms of LSPE and caldera collapses. Given these trends, the Commission on Collapse Calderas (CCC) was established in 2008 as a scientific commission of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI), to encourage and promote a wide spectrum of research on collapsed calderas and LSPEs, from the perspectives of geology, geophysics, numerical and analogue modelling, hazard assessment, and risk management, as well as economics and the environment. The first workshop was held at the Las Cañadas Caldera Complex on Tenerife Island, Spain, to discuss issues to be clarified relating to the origins and behaviors of calderas. Subsequently, the commission has held international workshops every two years. All of the workshops were held in calderavolcanic fields to permit on-site field discussions as well as indoor lectures. The 6 workshop was held in September 2016 at the Kitayuzawa hot-spring site, Hokkaido, located in the Shikotsu-Toya-Kuttara caldera field, which is one of the most active caldera volcanic fields in Japan. Forty-seven researchers from ten 地学雑誌 Journal of Geography(Chigaku Zasshi) 127(2)103⊖105 2018 doi:10.5026/jgeography.127.103

Overview of the Special Issue “Progress of Studies on Caldera-forming Eruptions and Future Problems”