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Although Mycobacterium shinshuense and M. leprae infections are relatively rare in the fields of dermatology, an early diagnosis is one of the important prognostic factors of these infections. Applications of the genetical examinations such as PCR and 16S rDNA sequencing are helpful in early diagnosis with culture nagative cases. Short target PCR tests are available to detect DNA of M. shinshuense or M. leprae from clinical specimens including formalin fixed-paraffin embedded samples. A partial 16s rDNA sequencing is functional with enough intact bacterial DNA. A similarity search based on the partial 16S rDNA sequences using RIDOM database is an easy and powerful tool to estimate the species of mycobacteria, however, it is not enough for the identification in some cases. For instance, a clinical isolate of M. shinshuense is clearly discriminated from M. leprae (92.75% sequence identity), however, difficult to be identified from M. marinum and M. ulcerans (99.77% sequence identity). The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rDNA sequences is illustrating that both M. leprae (closely related to M. haemophilum) and M. shinshuense (closely related to M. marinum and M. ulcerans, and also M. tuberculosis) are relatively related species and distantly related to rapidly growing species among 30 species of pathogenic mycobacteria which have been isolated in Japan.

Mycobacterium shinshuense and Mycobacterium leprae infections: usefulness of genetical examinations