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Carbon black (CB) has a variety of industrial uses due to its high strength and electrical conductivity.1,2 It has been used in industry for almost 100 years, and over this period, new manufacturing methods and products have been devel­ oped, leading to a constantly changing market for CB.3 Currently, CB is widely used in semiconductors, tires, rub­ ber, ink, paint, and toner resin.4 The particle size and surface area of CB are important properties that affect the product performance. In general, CB for use in composites is composed of particles approx­ imately 1,000-5,000 nm is size with a surface area of 20­ 100 m2/g; however, some CB grades, such as acetylene black, have surface areas of approximately 600 m2 / gwhile maintaining particle sizes in this range.5,6 In particular, CB (‘plasma black') particles produced using plasma have a relatively small particle size, and the CB particles typically range from 10 to 50 nm; correspondingly, plasma black has a relatively high surface area. Nowadays, plasma black has emerged as a core material in nanotech­ nology and is of significant interest in various fields. In this study, we report the development of CB dispersions with improved thermal stability for use in a variety of applications, such as toner resins, nano inks, and the manufacture of composites.7 In many fields, it is important that the CB is uniformly dispersed in the bulk material, i.e., bulk rubber or polymer. A uniform dispersion affects the final product properties, and thus, control over the dispersion is vital to produce a product with outstanding and distinctive properties.8 However, because CB particles are small, they often aggregate together due to strong interparticle cohesion. Because the surface area and interparticle interaction increase with decreasing par­ ticle size, it becomes difficult to uniformly disperse very small CB particles within a polymer matrix.9 Consequently, it is necessary to develop a method to control the dispersion precisely.10 In last few years, many studies have been conducted to develop a dispersion method for CB aggregates.11 In gen­ eral, these methods improve the degree of particle dispersion by reducing particle interactions through the addition of a dispersing agent or by surface modification of the particles, allowing dispersion of the CB particles in the matrix.12 For example, a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants is com­ monly used to achieve a stable dispersion. To modify the particle surfaces, the attractive interactions between par­ ticles are reduced by grafting an amphiphilic polymer resin, which can be dispersed in aqueous solution, onto the par­ ticle surface (Fig. 1).13 In general, adding surfactant is easy, allowing applications in various industrial fields due to the low viscosity of the resultant dispersions. However, there are disadvantages; for example, adjustment to balance the surface charges is difficult and the stability of the dispersion can decrease due to environmental effects, such as temperature and pressure. In contrast, although surface modification by grafting an amphiphilic polymer resin onto the particle surface increases the viscosity, the process reduces envi­ ronmental effects because strong chemical bonds are formed between the CB particles and the grafted polymer, and these are not affected by heat and pressure in the same way as surfactants adsorbed to the particle surface. Various methods have been studied to modify the par­ ticle surface, such as thermal, chemical, electrochemical, plasma treatment, and encapsulation methods, e.g., sur­ face coating with organic/inorganic materials.10 Chemical surface modification improves the dispersion stability of particles by grafting polymer resin chains onto the CB particle surface.11,14 The polymers that can be used for this method include polystyrene derivatives,12 polyethylene oxide,13 polyamide amine,15 polyethyl amine,16 and polyacrylate.17 The objective of this study was to develop a modification of the surface of CB particles to obtain CB dispersions

Surface Modification of Carbon Black Using Polymer Resin Synthesized by a Phenyl Radical Reaction