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Prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxane biosynthesis involves the catalyzed conversion of arachidonic acid, by the sequential actions of cyclooxygenases (COXs) and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS), to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2). 1 Three isozymes of COX (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3) are known to date, and COX-1 and COX-2 have been well defined. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in many organs or tissues, while COX-2 is induced by various stimuli. 2 However, recent molecular-biological studies show that this simple paradigm has many exceptions. For example, COX-1 can be regulated during development, 3 whereas COX-2 is constitutively expressed in the brain 4 and in reproductive tissues. 5 Often, both isozymes are involved under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, whereas under other conditions they play distinctly different roles. These COX-1 and COX-2 are the key enzymes during prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis, and the inhibition of PG synthesis is the strategy underlying current anti-inflammatory therapies. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that COX-2 is involved in many inflammatory processes and in the pathogeneses of various cancers, which suggests that COX-2 plays a key role in inflammation and tumorigenesis. 6,7 Thus, the direct inhibition of COX-2 has been actively pursued as

Inhibitory Effects of Phenylpropanoids Isolated from the Bark of Ailanthus altissima on COX-2 Activity