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Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUSFNA) is the established standard method for the histological diagnosis of various gastrointestinal malignancies and peri-intestinal structures. Peri-intestinal structures include lymph nodes, masses in the pancreas, liver, adrenal gland, and bile duct that are accessible from the gastrointestinal tract. EUS-FNA is indispensable especially in the diagnosis of pancreatic malignancies. Moreover, as the procedure has evolved, it has become possible to perform various magic interventions by modifying EUS-FNA. Therefore, the applications of EUS including EUS-FNA are getting much more attention worldwide. The more often it is performed, the more attention is needed to its complications. Bleeding is one of the significant adverse events after EUSFNA. The overall adverse event associated with EUS-FNA was reported to be 0.98% including a bleeding rate of 0.13% (14/10,941) according to a recent meta-analysis. EUS-FNA is defined as a high-risk procedure in the guidelines of the European and American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. However, the basis of these guidelines is relatively weak since most relevant studies were retrospective, and there were few studies on the risk of bleeding in patients taking antithrombotic agents. Kawakubo et al., prospectively evaluated the bleeding risk of EUS-FNA in patients taking antithrombotic agents. This study is of great significance in that there have been few studies of this kind in the past and that it was a prospective multicenter study in Japan. In the study, bleeding after EUS-FNA occurred in two of 85 (2.4%; 95% CI, 0.6% to 8.3%) patients taking antithrombotic agents. One was receiving dual antiplatelet therapy and the other was taking warfarin. Both of them underwent bleeding in spite of discontinuation of thienopyridine and warfarin in advance, respectively. The authors concluded that the rate of bleeding after EUS-FNA in patients taking antithrombotic agents might be considerable. Although this study was conducted on a small number of patients with limited statistical power, which may well affect EUS-FNA practice in the future because there were few similar prospective studies in the past. A recent retrospective study on the similar subject reported that the overall bleeding rate was 0.9% (7/742). In detail, 131 patients (17.7%) were on antithrombotic therapy in 742 patients and six of seven bleeding occurred in patients who did not take antithrombotic agents. Bleeding occurred in one patient (1.6%) among the 61 patients who maintained use of aspirin or cilostazol, and no bleeding was detected in 62 patients who had discontinued antithrombotic agents. Based on these results, the authors concluded that the bleeding rate was low even in patients who underwent EUS-FNA while continuing aspirin or cilostazol. However, this study was a retrospective study with a small number of patients. So, it is difficult to generalize the results. There has been a similar study in the past. Kien-Fong Vu et al., observed no bleeding events in 26 patients taking aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, while seven of 190 bleeding events (3.7%) occurred in control groups. Since the study also included a small number of patients and guidelines were not established at that time, it is also difficult to generalize at present. The American and European guidelines recommend that aspirin should not be discontinued prior to EUS-FNA regardless of thrombotic risk, but thienopyridine and anticoagulants should

The Bleeding Risk after Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration in Patients Taking Antithrombotic Agents Is Not Negligible