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Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide.1,2 The prognosis of this disease mainly depends on its early detection, which currently to a major part relies on mammography. Early detection of this disease can also be facilitated by new diagnostic biomarkers3 cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs), released into the bloodstream by solid tumors, are considered real-time liquid biopsies in cancer patients reflecting the disease complexity and progression. The liquid biopsy represents a surrogate material for the molecular characterization of solid cancers.4 In fact, in the advanced stages when the tumor has acquired genetic, epigenetic and expression features which may be very different from those of the primary tissue, the liquid biopsy represents the actual molecular signature of the disease. Total cfDNA concentration, higher in cancer patients than healthy individuals,5 has been proposed as a cancer marker, but it has shown limited sensitivity and specificity..6,7 DNA methylation acts as a major epigenetic mechanism within the complex network of mechanisms regulating gene expression.8 The chemically stable addition of a methyl (CH3) group at the carbon five positions of the cytosine ring by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) interferes with the capacity of several proteins to bind DNA.9 Methylation in CpG-rich gene promoters serves as recognition signals for proteins mediating transcriptional repression and constitutes a mechanism for gene regulation.10,11 Methylation in repetitive transposable elements plays an important role in their silencing and contributes to global genomic stability.12-14 Physiologically methylation patterns are established during early embryogenesis. Ras association domain family one isoform (ARASSF1A) is a tumor suppressor gene, whose inactivation, mainly achieved by promoter hypermethylation, is involved in the development of many cancers.15 So far the role 1,2Lecturer 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

indian journal of medical biochemistry/indian journal of medical biochemistry

<i>SOX17</i> and <i>RASSAF1A</i> Promoters Methylation in Circulation Tumor Cell and Cell Free Deoxyribonucleic Acid Isolated from Plasma in Breast Cancer

SOX17 and RASSAF1A Promoters Methylation in Circulation Tumor Cell and Cell Free Deoxyribonucleic Acid Isolated from Plasma in Breast Cancer