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RESUMEN RESUM  1 Abstract  3 Resumen  5 Resum  7 GENERAL INTRODUCTION  9 I. Food and energy metabolism  11 II. Metabolic rate and energy metabolism determination techniques  11 II.1. Direct calorimetry  12 II.2. Indirect calorimetry  12 II.2.1. Carbon and Nitrogen balance  13 II.2.2. Comparative Slaughter  14 II.2.3. Respiration chamber, head hood and face mask  14 II.2.4. Comparison among methods  17 III. Energy Requirements  17 References  21 OBJETIVES  25 EXPERIMENT 1  29 1.1. Abstract  33 1.2. Introduction  35 1.3. Materials and methods  35 1.3.1. Animal and diets  35 1.3.2. Experimental Schedule and Measurements  36 1.3.3. Chemical Analyses  38 1.3.4. Calculations 39 1.3.5. Statistical Analyses  41 1.4. Results and Discussion  41 1.4.1. Feed Intake, Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation  41 1.4.2. Energy Balance  43 1.4.3. Oxidation of Nutrients  44 1.4.4. Carbon and Nitrogen Balance  44 1.4.5. Milk Production, Fatty Acid and Metabolites  45 1.4.6. Methane Emissions  47 1.5. Conclusions  48 1.6. Acknowledgements  49 1.7. References  50

Application of an open circuit indirect calorimetry system for gaseous exchange measurements in small ruminant nutrition