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xi RESUMEN xiii RESUM  xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background  1 1.2 Motivation  2 1.3 Objectives 4 1.4 Organization of the Dissertation  5 CHAPTER 2: STATE OF THE ART: DEMAND RESPONSE IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE7 2.1 Chapter Overview 7 2.2 Demand Response Overview 7 2.3 Classification of Demand Response Actions 9 2.4 Classification of Demand Response Programs  10 2.4.1 Operation Programs 12 2.4.2 Economic Based Programs 14 2.5 Demand Response in the United States  15 2.5.1 Operation and Market Organization in the United States of America 16 2.5.2 DR Programs Offered by System Operators 20 2.5.2.1 New York ISO 20 2.5.2.2 ISO – New England  23 2.5.2.3 PJM  29 2.5.2.4 Electric Reliability Council of Texas 31 2.5.2.5 Southwest Power Pool 36 2.5.2.6 Midwest ISO  37 2.5.2.7 California ISO  41 2.5.3 DR Programs Offered by Utilities  43 2.5.3.1 Arizona  45 2.5.3.2 California 47 ii 2.5.3.3 Connecticut 53 2.5.3.4 Delaware 54 2.5.3.5 Florida 54 2.5.3.6 Georgia 56 2.5.3.7 Illinois 58 2.5.3.8 Michigan  60 2.5.3.9 Washington D.C 61 2.6 Demand Response in Europe  62 2.6.1 Power Markets in Europe 62 2.6.2 Demand Response Programs in Europe 64 2.6.2.1 Sweden 65 2.6.2.2 Finland 66 2.6.2.3 Netherlands  66 2.6.2.4 France  67 2.6.2.5 Denmark  67 2.6.2.6 Norway 68 2.6.2.7 United Kingdom  69 2.6.2.8 Italy  70 2.6.2.9 Spain  71 2.7 Conclusions of the Chapter  73 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY TO DEFINE NEW DEMAND RESPONSE PROGRAMS BASED ON CUSTOMER FLEXIBILITY: CUSTOMER EVALUATION 75 3.1 Chapter Overview 75 3.2 Introduction to the Methodology  76 3.3 Definition of Objective Segment  78 3.4 Characterization of Processes by End-Use 81 3.4.1 Detailed Analysis of the Load Curve  84 3.4.2 Physical Modeling  86 3.4.2.1 FLEXMOD: the UPV Modeling Tool  89 3.5 Determination of Possible Flexibility Actions  91 3.5.1 Classification of Flexibility Actions 92 3.6 Customer Evaluation  93 3.6.1 Technical Evaluation  94 3.6.1.1 Technical Evaluation of Flexibility in Flat Shape Processes  97 3.6.1.2 Technical Evaluation in Non-Flat Shape Processes  98 3.6.2 Economic and Environmental Evaluation 99 3.6.2.1 Economic Evaluation  99 3.6.2.2 Environmental Evaluation  104 3.7 Proposal of Actions 106 3.8 Conclusions of the Chapter  109 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY TO DEFINE NEW DEMAND RESPONSE PROGRAMS BASED ON CUSTOMER FLEXIBILITY: REGULATORY ASSESSMENT110 4.1 Chapter Overview 110 4.2 Integration of Flexibility in Operation Markets  110 iii 4.2.1 Technical Assessment  110 4.2.1.1 Operation Markets in Power Systems  111 4.2.1.2 Customers Providing Operation Services 113 4.2.2 Economic Assessment  120 4.2.2.1 Avoided Costs Analysis  121 4.3 Definition of Demand Response Programs  125 4.3.1 DR Programs for Operation Markets 125 4.4 Validation 127 4.5 Conclusions of the Chapter  128 CHAPTER 5: FLEXIBILITY AND EFFICIENCY ACTIONS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 130 5.1 Chapter Overview 130 5.2 The Use of Energy in the Food Industry 130 5.2.1 Flexibility Strategies in the Food Industry 133 5.2.2 Significant Activities in the Food Industry 135 5.2.2.1 Preparation  136 5.2.2.2 Transformation 139 5.2.2.3 Preservation 140 5.2.2.4 Packaging 142 5.3 Application of the Methodology to the Meat Industry 142 5.3.1 The Role of the Meat Industry Worldwide  142 5.3.2 Flexible Processes in the Meat Industry 144 5.3.3 Description of the Drying Process 145 5.3.3.1 Type of Drying Rooms 145 5.3.3.2 Stages in the Drying Process  146 5.3.3.3 Psychrometric Analysis 148 5.3.4 First Strategy: Interruption of Cooling Production and Distribution in Drying Rooms  150 5.3.4.1 Use of Co

Evaluation and Assessment of New Demand Response Products based on the use of Flexibility in Industrial Processes: Application to the Food Industry