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Covered walkways like French passages, British arcades and Italian gallerias have developed starting from the 19th century all across the European cities and, towards the end of the century, they also became popular in North America. These architectures are mainly due to the deep urban, social and economic changes triggered by the Industrial Revolution, vjcv"oqfkÝgf" vjg" tgncvkqpujkr"dgvyggp"rwdnke" urcegu" cpf" wtdcp" hcdtke." d{" fgÝpkpi" pgy" connections between urban organism and covered places -usually devoted to commercial or tertiary functions-. Particularly, it is important to point out the mutation of the functional and perceptional role of the street, which is mainly occupied by vehicles and is no more capable to show a “centralized” nature. According to vjg"oqtrjqnqikecn"fgÝpkvkqp"qh"vjg"tqcf"ikxgp" by Gianfranco Caniggia and Gianluigi Maffei (Caniggia, Maffei, 1982), we can state that the main axis of the 19th century city are generally Abstract. Passages, gallerias and “urban” atriums are morphological eqpÝiwtcvkqpu" qh" c" rtgxcngpv" rjgpqogpqp"ykvjkp"oqfgtp" cpf" eqpvgorqtct{" ekvkgu." kp" yjkej" vjgtg" jcu" dggp" c" hwtvjgt" gxqnwvkqp" qh" vjg" urgekcnk¦gf" wtdcp" hcdtke0"Vjg"wtdcp"cpf"uqekcn"ejcpigu"ecwugf"d{"vjg"Kpfwuvtkcn"Tgxqnwvkqp"jcxg" oqfkÝgf"vjg"tgncvkqpujkr"dgvyggp"rwdnke"urcegu"cpf"wtdcp"hcdtke."d{"fgÝpkpi" pgy"eqppgevkqpu"dgvyggp"wtdcp"qticpkuo"cpf"eqxgtgf"rncegu"/wuwcnn{"fgxqvgf" vq"eqoogtekcn"qt"vgtvkct{"hwpevkqpu/0"Htgpej"rcuucigu"cpf"Dtkvkuj"ctecfgu"jcxg" jcf"cp"cevkxg"tqng"ykvjkp" vjg"gzkuvkpi" hcdtke." tgncvkpi" vjgkt"qyp"ctejkvgevwtcn" uvtwevwtgu" vq" vjg" dwknfkpiu" *gzkuvkpi" qt" pgy" qpgu+" cpf" vq" vjg" rtg/gzkuvkpi" xgjkewnct" u{uvgo0" Kp" dqvj" vjqug" v{rgu" kv" ku" rquukdng" vq" tgeqipk¦g" c" eqooqp" oqtrjqnqikecn" uwduvtcvg." vjcv" ku" c" tcfkecn" cpuygt" vq" cpcnqiqwu" rtqdngou<" rcuucigu." ctecfgu." cpf" icnngtkcu" ctg" eqxgtgf" ycnmyc{u" fwg" vq" vjg" oqfgtp" pgeguukv{"vq"jcxg"icvjgtkpi"rncegu"cpf"eqoogtekcn"ctgcu"hct"cyc{"htqo"wtdcp" vtchÝe"cpf"ujgnvgtgf"htqo"ygcvjgt0"Vjg"eqxgtgf"rgfguvtkcp"ycnmyc{u"gzrgtkgpegf" kp"Rctku."Nqpfqp."Owpkej"ctg"vjg"Ýtuv"gzcorngu"qh"c"oqtrjqnqikecn"rtqeguu"vjcv" ecp"dg"ecnngf"Ðkpvtqxgtukqp"qh"vjg"tqwvguÑ."vjcv"jcu"dggp"kpvgpukÝgf"cnuq"ykvjkp" vjg"wtdcp"f{pcokeu"qh"eqpvgorqtct{"ekvkgu0"Ctejkvgevwtcn"gzrgtkogpvcvkqp"jcu" ngf" vq" vjg" eqpuvtwevkqp" qh" wpeqpxgpvkqpcn" rwdnke" urcegu" vjcv." dqvj" kp" nkpgct" qticpkecn"u{uvgou"*rcuucigu."icnngtkcu+"cpf"kp"pqfcn"qticpkuou"*wtdcp"cvtkwo+." ctg"kpvgitcvgf"ykvjkp"vjg"wtdcp"hcdtke0"Vjg"cko"qh"vjku"tgugctej"ku"vq"knnwuvtcvg" vjg" v{rqnqikecn" fgxgnqrogpv" qh" rcuucigu." icnngtkcu." cpf" eqxgtgf" uswctgu." kfgpvkh{kpi" vjg" rtqeguuwcn" pcvwtg" qh" vjqug" rwdnke" urcegu" cpf" rtqlgevkpi" vjgo" kpvq"c"pgy"wtdcp"xkukqp0

Introverted and knotted spaces within modern and contemporary urban fabrics: passages, gallerias and covered squares