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Despite being a young domain with a one-generation history or so, evidence-based medicine has benefitted from thousands of contributions, as reflected in numerous book titles and subjects, and original articles. EBM-related philosophical insights are increasing as are endeavours in reasoning, modern argumentation, considerations of causality, and grading of evidence. The scientific method is in focus in most communications including research projects and ensuing medical articles. Quantitative and qualitative methods will further expand across evidence-based methodology and applications. The more the future is obscure, the more promising it may be for some. How promising is evidence-based medicine? The last quarter of century created today’s evidence-based medicine, focused mostly on various beneficial (clinical trials) and noxious effects of various non-clinical and clinical factors on health. Clinical epidemiology and biostatistics methodologically prevail. In addition to this historical experience the ways of thinking, exchanging experience with various interested parties and peers as well as the ways of communicating such experience develop and rightly so. In other terms, we may be asking ourselves if today EBM today isn’t more than the production of high-quality evidence in quantitative and qualitative terms. Yes, it is. But shouldn’t it be more? EBM relies also on high quality, pragmatic reasoning, informal logic, critical thinking, and decision making in the context of modern philosophy. 1. Some Philosophical Contributions to Cherish and Develop in The Future How can we define such concepts in this context? Thinking, across the literature, is a mental action which, if verbalized is a matter of combining words in propositions [1-5]. Critical thinking (from several definitions) is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, synthetizing and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication as a guide to belief and action [1-3]. Critical thinking components are an integral part of epidemiology, clinical epidemiology, and decision making in practice and research. Isn’t evidence-based medicine a medicine of critical thought? it also is. Critical thinking in medicine deserves more detail and discussion, as also presented elsewhere [4, 5]. Reasoning in general is thinking leading to a conclusion. Judgments (inferences) are derived from facts, observations, and/or hypotheses. In other words, it is a tool to form conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts or premises [6]. Clinical reasoning is a context dependent way of thinking and decision making in professional practice to guide practice actions [7]. We discussed fallacy-free reasoning in medicine in more detail elsewhere [8]. An argument in medicine is a connected set of statements originating from a lived situation, experience, or research in medicine intended

Quo Vadis Medicina Ex Testimoniis? Part 2. After A Quarter of Century, What Now? Some Questions and Answers