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Cancer chemotherapy (CT) and immunotherapy (IT) are commonly considered as two different and opposite strategies in the treatment of human neoplasms. In fact, CT mainly act by exerting a direct cytotoxic effect against cancer cells, whose efficacy is at least in part counteracted by its inhibitory action on the immune functionless, whereas IT may control tumor growth by generating an effective antitumor immune response. On the contrary, several experimental studies have demonstrated that the immune effects of CT may change in relation to the type of immune response, and this finding would depend on the different sensitivity of the various immune cells to the cytotoxic action of CT [1,2]. Then,if it is true that cancer CT tends to constantly inhibit the anti-viral and the anti-bacterial immunities, it is also true that CT may exert both suppressive and stimulatory effects on the antitumor immunity, whose physiology is different from that of the other forms of immune responses [3].

A Rediscovered Immunomodulatory Action of Cancer Chemotherapy to Pilot the Cytokine Network in an Antitumor Way