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There is a growing interest in the therapeutic efficacy of the ketogenic diet, given the hypothesis that carbohydrate restriction (CHO) would favor a decreased tumor cell activity. Nevertheless, such diets continue to be a controversial topic in the oncology field. Thus, this manuscript aimed to summarize the studies that have already investigated the potential therapeutic effects of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer in human patients. A narrative review was carried, considering the databases Latin American and Caribbean Literature databas (LILACS), the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), the Online System of Search and Analysis of Medical Literature (MEDLINE) and the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Information (BIREME). The following keywords were applied alone or in combination: cancer, nutrition, carbohydrate restriction, cancer cells and ketogenic diet. Articles published between 2010 and 2018, both in the English and Portuguese languages were selected. No randomized clinical trial was found. Throughout the reviewed studies, which included mostly quasiexperimental designs and case reports, 221 patients were selected. Mixed results were observed, both supporting and refuting the therapeutic efficacy of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer patients. Importantly, only 92 (42%) of these patients were submitted to ketogenic diets, of which only 41% had a good adherence to the diets. Randomized clinical trials investigating large patient segments over long periods with comparable dietary methodologies and protocols are still needed before such a diet can be recommended as a complementary treatment for cancer.

A dieta cetogênica pode auxiliar no tratamento do câncer? Uma análise crítica