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This paper presents an experimental implementation of the Art and Architecture Thesaurus, a knowledge organizational system for the visual arts and architecture, within the SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) framework. Such treatment allows for machine-actionability on thesaurus records for automated expansion of search queries and also provides a framework for interoperability across metadata schemas in a linked data environment. SKOS enables more complex semantic processing by utilizing a simple framework for Semantic Web technology within thesauri. The analysis establishes an application profile for AAT, which accommodates the faceted and polyhierarchical structure of the thesaurus, as well as the detailed source referencing contained within AAT’s documentary notes. Introduction In order to utilize metadata schemas in the thoroughly linked information environment of the 21st century, developers must pursue standards that help to bring together the various schemas in existence and to facilitate coding of metadata that can accommodate machineactionability on linked data in a Semantic Web framework. The diverse communities that have driven context specific schemas often look to standardized schemas like Dublin Core, MODS or VRA, 1 University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences Correspondence email: erobinson@usa.edu “A Preliminary SKOS Implementation of the Art and Architecture Thesaurus: Machine-Actionable Controlled Vocabulary for the Semantic Web“ by Eric A. Robinson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This license gives advance permission to copy and redistribute this material in any medium or format; to remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially; provided appropriate credit is given to the author, including a link to the CC-BY license, and the original work, and indicating the changes, if any, that were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the author endorses you or your use. Working Paper: Preliminary SKOS Implementation of the AAT 2 April, 2011 and employ standardized vocabularies like the Library of Congress Subject Headings for classification purposes. By incorporating semantic web technologies into these standards, information organizations can better facilitate cross-repository searching, and complex query expansions. The Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) provides a format for encoding many of the existing thesauri, ontologies, and other knowledge organization systems in a highly machinereadable format. This system can thus act as a modular expansion of many of the metadata frameworks already in existence, conferring upon them greater interoperability, and expanding efforts to link data between divergent information repositories. As SKOS is based upon the Semantic Web enabled Resource Description Framework (RDF), it also allows for inferential processing of classification metadata, which an enormous step for more intelligent searching, retrieval, and query expansion. The Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), a specialized vocabulary for the visual arts and architectural fields is a well-established standard for vocabulary control. It is at first glance an ideal candidate for representation in SKOS. It incorporates many international thesaurus standards such as syndetic broader and narrow term references, hierarchical relationships, preferred terminology for vocabulary control, and associative relationships for query expansion. However, a preliminary experimental implementation of AAT concepts and hierarchies within the SKOS framework indentified a number of challenges. After a review of relevant literature describing the foundational concepts of SKOS, this paper will detail the challenges and potential proposals for a fuller semantic representation of AAT within SKOS. Review of Literature Since early discussion of the potential for the Semantic Web to improve searchability and machine-processing of web resources (Berners-Lee et al., 2001), efforts have been made to develop metadata schemas that are more in line with the standards of semantic processing. The most critical element for the capture of meaning in this context is the description of relationships among resources. By describing such relationships with a clear, expressive syntax, applications can be applied to metadata descriptions that incorporate logical inference to enrich the process. SKOS enables the use of a Semantic Web framework to describe knowledge organization systems (KOS) for the easy publication, sharing, and re-use of these systems on the Web. SKOS is built upon foundational data formats and schemas, including XML, RDF and RDF Schema (RDF-S) and confers Semantic Web capabilities on the data, allowing for logical inference across defined concepts. These Working Paper: Preliminary SKOS Implementation of the AAT 3 April, 2011 elements have been more thoroughly reviewed elsewhere (Robinson, ms.), and discussion proceeds without further explanation of Semantic Web foundations. SKOS builds on the simplified class and property descriptions of RDF-S, to describe standards identified for thesauri, classification schemata, and other knowledge organization systems (A. Miles, Matthews, Wilson, & D. Brickley, 2005). SKOS began as a RDF Schema framework by the to advance the Semantic Web effort in Europe. This early version, known as the DESIRE project (Lacasta, Nogueras-Iso, Lopez-Pellicer, Muro-Medrano, & Zarazaga-Soria, 2007; A. Miles et al., 2005), was undertaken by the Semantic Web Advanced Development group for Europe (SWAD-E) and was intended to represent a generic thesaurus representation for the Semantic Web. DESIRE was elaborated and improved upon as LIMBER, a domain specific knowledge organization system for the social sciences. LIMBER incorporated standard guidelines for the creation of thesauri such as those conceived by ANSI/NISO and related organizations (International Organization for Standardization, 1985, 1986) and incorporated translational elements for use in international metadata effort to allow queries in a user's own language (A. Miles et al., 2005). Since 2004, development has continued under the auspices of the W3C Semantic Web Best Practices and Deployment Working Group (SWBPDWG) and enlists the vast efforts of the open development community (Bueno de la Fuente, 2008). While other languages, such as OWL and DAML have been developed with very rich ontological frameworks (McGuinness & van Harmelen, 2004) SKOS is intended to capture the basics of KOS ontologies in a simpler and more widely employable framework. As Mikhalenko has described it, SKOS is intended to fill the “need for a language to express vocabularies of concepts for use in semantically rich metadata, which is powerful enough to support semantically enhanced search, but simple enough to be undemanding in terms of the cost and expertise required to use it.” (Mikhalenko, 2005, par. 5). It is composed of three separate specifications, the SKOS Core vocabulary, SKOS Mapping, and SKOS extension. SKOS Core provides the basic vocabularies necessary to describe the hierarchical structures, class dependencies, and properties important for the representation of a KOS (A. Miles et al., 2005). The core specification also provides documentation vocabulary, such as scope notes to elaborate upon the precise intention for use of concepts in the KOS, and historical notes for tracing changes to a specific implementation. The SKOS Mapping specification is a reference guide for supporting alignment and linking between different KOS concept schemes (Alistair Miles & Bechhofer, 2009; Alistair Miles & Dan Brickley, 2004). Finally, SKOS Extension represents properties and relations peculiar to only some KOS (Lacasta et al., 2007). These are Working Paper: Preliminary SKOS Implementation of the AAT 4 April, 2011 often unique adaptations to a particular KOS need within a specific domain or schema implementation. The concepts comprising any thesaurus implementation in SKOS are represented using a few simple properties to describe the nodes of the thesaurus ontology. The ontological relations of the thesaurus, being hierarchical in nature can be viewed as a branching tree structure with each concept class being treated as a node in the structure. The RDF-S subclassOf property is used to describe the relations of narrower terms in the hierarchy, and the elements of the KOS themselves are treated as a subclass of the concept scheme, using the inScheme property. Each term is treated as a concept and its properties are described using SKOS terminology in an RDF style document. These properties include syndetic class relations or hierarchical, semantic relationships, label preferences, and documentary notations. The hierarchical relationships of the thesaurus such as those represented in a thesaurus as broader and narrower terms are captured with the properties skos:broader and skos:narrower. Non-hierarchical, or simple semantic associative relationships, such as “see also”, are expressed via the skos:related property (Isaac & Summers, 2009; Alistair Miles & Bechhofer, 2009). Statements are made in the usual RDF fashion by declaring properties to be about a concept, represented as a particular URI, and then enumeration the properties of that concept in SKOS. This is useful for the computational recognition of potentially related search terms, and can be employed either to present potential terms to a user, or to automatically broaden a search if necessary. Expressed in RDF-style syntax then, the basic semantic relationships can be captured as triples in RDF syntax as in figure 1, shown without namespace declarations. The xxx# descriptions in this example and in the examples in this paper would typically be replaced by form of unique identifier, such as an authority system control number. <skos:Concept rdf:about="economic_cooperation#"> <skos:broad

A Preliminary SKOS Implementation of the Art and Architecture Thesaurus: Machine-Actionable, Controlled Vocabulary for the Semantic Web