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Graubünden – heavily dependent on sport-oriented tourism – was one of the first Swiss cantons to adopt a workplace smoking ban also including the hospitality business. In this issue Bonetti et al. [1] confirm what they already observed one year after the ban [2]: compared to the two years prior to the ban, hospitalisations due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were 21% lower in the following two years (or 22% in the first year after the ban [2]). Can this reduction plausibly be considered a consequence of the smoking ban? The combustion of tobacco – exactly as the combustion of other biomasses – is associated with hundreds of toxic pollutants including large amounts of particulate matter (PM). Combustion-related PM have wide-ranging non-specific health effects [3]. Half a century ago, the lack of specificity of those effects was the subject of prolonged debate [4]. In the meantime these effects have become fully explicable by the prevailing biological paradigm that many chronic diseases share common pathological pathways [5]. The strong oxidative capacity of PM, the ability to induce local and systemic inflammation, myocardial hypoxaemia, clotting of the blood, and modulations in heart rate are just a few mechanisms which explain why even myocardial infarction rates correlate with PM exposure [6]. Best described is the dose-response curve for

Smoking ban in the Alps - any wonder?