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Recent studies of observational data suggest that Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean&#13; have a significant influence on the atmospheric circulation in the Atlantic-European sector in early winter and in&#13; spring. After reviewing this work and showing that the spring signal is part of a global air-sea interaction, we&#13; analyze for comparison an ensemble of simulations with the ECHAM4 atmospheric general circulation model in&#13; T42 resolution forced by the observed distribution of SST and sea ice, and a simulation with the ECHAM4/OPA8&#13; coupled model in T30 resolution. In the two cases, a significant influence of the Atlantic on the atmosphere is&#13; detected in the Atlantic-European sector. In the forced mode, ECHAM4 responds to SST anomalies from early&#13; spring to late summer, and also in early winter. The forcing involves SST anomalies not only in the tropical&#13; Atlantic, but also in the whole tropical band, suggesting a strong ENSO influence. The modeled signal resembles&#13; that seen in the observations in spring, but not in early winter. In the coupled mode, the Atlantic SST only has a&#13; significant influence on the atmosphere in summer. Although the SST anomaly is confined to the Atlantic, the&#13; summer signal shows some similarity with that seen in the forced simulations. However, there is no counterpart in&#13; the observations

Influence of Atlantic SST anomalies on the atmospheric circulation in the Atlantic-European sector