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In the 10 years since the Umbria-Marche earthquake, several microzonation studies were carried out in the two&#13; regions. In the immediate aftermath of the event, the focus was on the epicentral area and toward emergency intervention&#13; and reconstruction plans. In the following years, regional and national projects aimed to transfer the&#13; lessons learned to other towns. Usually, those two kinds of microzonation studies are referred to as «simplified»&#13; and «detailed». The difference is more subtle, and leads to the question of whether a microzonation study can&#13; be tackled following a reductionist approach, i.e. leaving different experts taking care of a limited subject (geology,&#13; geophysics, seismology, geotechnics, structural engineering). The impression looking back at 10 years of&#13; studies is that a holistic approach would be more appropriate to describe a system (structure-soil-bedrock) that&#13; is non-linear, inhomogeneous, and presenting feedback among its components. A second problem that emerges&#13; is the link with codes and practitioners. During the past 10 years the seismic code has been changed and a new&#13; version is on arrival. The last proposed version of the code is based on a parameter (Vs30) that is discussed in&#13; the same country where it was first adopted, and introduces a parameter (acclivity) that appears to be a secondor&#13; third order problem with respect to others that are completely disregarded (e.g., 2-d site effects). A possible&#13; explanation for this mismatch between codes, models and reality is that our knowledge of distribution and amplitude&#13; of site effects is biased by selective under-sampling. Being driven by damage, and paying less attention&#13; to a uniform distribution of studied sites and situations, we act like a drunk man looking of his lost keys under&#13; a street lamp, not because he is sure that he lost them there, but because the light is there

Codes, models and reality: reductionism vs. holism in a review of microzonation studies in the Umbria-Marche region