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The movement of better-educated people shapes today’s international worker migration. For example, when matching education with job level, some 65% of economically active migrants who have moved to developed countries are classified as “highly skilled.” Among those are tertiaryeducated health workers in professional jobs—such as nurses, physicians, dentists, pharmacists, and laboratory technicians (Stillwell et al. 2004, Khadria 2010). In addition, many countries with aging populations and worker shortages have attracted large numbers of careworkers—“skilled” workers with specific sets of competencies such as care for the elderly or chronically ill.1 According to the National Board for Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (Badan Nasional Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia or BNP2TKI),2 Indonesian careworkers and health workers are important contributors to both regional and international labor markets. In 2016, 54,160 Indonesian careworkers were placed abroad—23.1% of the country’s migrant worker total. For the first time, careworkers were the largest overseas placement group among Indonesian migrant workers by occupation, surpassing domestic workers, which has fallen dramatically since 2011—from 267,733 in 2011 to 45,309 in 2016 (BNP2TKI 2016a). Indonesian careworkers mostly migrate to the Middle East; Malaysia; Singapore; the People’s Republic of China (PRC); Hong Kong, China; Japan; and Taipei,China (Asato 2009, Carlos 2009, Lan 2016). The number of Indonesian nurses placed abroad is much smaller, and

Expanding skilled-worker mobility: comparing the migration of Indonesian careworkers to Taipei,China and Indonesian nurses and careworkers to Japan