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Civil rights are core citizenship rights. The term itself is in fact derived from the Latin ius civis, referring to ‘the rights of the citizen’. Civil rights form the basis that supports the exercise of other rights, be they political, economic or social. Therefore, one cannot engage in an examination or appraisal of the concept and practice of EU citizenship, and of the barriers which actually or potentially hinder its development and exercise, without a thorough investigation of the civil rights that are associated with it. For that reason, due attention was given to this thematic within the interdisciplinary research project ‘bEUcitizen’ that gave rise to a whole series of books, of which the present volume constitutes merely one tome. An enquiry into the civil rights attached to EU citizenship is complicated by the multilevel and multi-layered nature of the concept. First, as a status, EU citizenship is dependent on national citizenship, complementing it without replacing it.1 Second, it interacts, overlaps and competes with national citizenship, as well as with other formal and informal community memberships across Europe. As such, EU citizenship does not directly confer civil rights beyond a limited right to move and reside in other Member States. However, alongside a growing fundamental rights acquis guaranteed at the supranational level, the concept has helped to enhance the access to, and the exercise of, a range of civil rights across the Member States. Moreover, this dynamic has produced some significant transformative effects on

EU citizenship and civil rights: an underexplored nexus