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The extraction of shale gas has been hailed as a ‘game changer’ in the United States and has restructured the country’s energy landscape.1 Through the extraction of shale gas, the United States (US) has reduced its dependency on oil from the Middle East and is on the way to transforming from an energy importing to an energy exporting country by 2020.2 Consequently, it essentially gained additional freedom in its external politics. The US is by far the biggest producer of shale gas, and has the longest history of extraction worldwide.3 The method of releasing hydrocarbons from the ground through hydraulic fracturing (also referred to as ‘fracking’ or ‘fracturing’)4 is increasingly also considered in the European Union (EU) as a possible response to rising energy demand in the Union and to reduce dependence

Introduction – a research agenda for shale gas in the European Union