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Sustainability, as defined here, is a dynamic balance between environmental, social/cultural, economic and governance factors to optimize the well-being of current and future generations, within the world’s ecological bounds. However, achieving this is highly problematic given the world’s disproportionate privileging of economic factors over others. Rather than lamenting this focus, the chapter explores how an aspect of the economy – the budgetary allocation – can be designed differently via participatory budgeting to achieve more sustainable outcomes. Participatory budgeting (PB) is ‘a process through which citizens can contribute to decisionmaking over at least part of the governmental budget’ (Goldfrank, 2007, p. 92). It is neither new nor uncommon; however, its potential as a method to achieve sustainability is largely unexplored. This chapter focuses on how PB, as a participatory form of governance, has helped and could foster more sustainable outcomes; and how it could achieve sufficient take-up and resilience to be a potential force for change. Participatory budgeting can be described best as a family of participatory experiences, often a hybrid with other participatory practices. It has spread rapidly around the planet, with experiments reaching more than 3,000 local institutions and some supra-municipalities (Sintomer et al., 2013). This chapter describes PB as a methodology, outlining the different forms it has taken. The chapter also illustrates how PB methods have addressed sustainability challenges and achieved more sustainable outcomes including: sustainable governance, social justice, continuity, resilience, sustainable outcomes and holistic future planning. Finally, we suggest how PB’s sustainability impact could be increased by ‘scaling out’ to broader participation, and ‘scaling up’ to address greater complexity.

Participatory budgeting: a methodological approach to address sustainability challenges