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The term ‘transnational environmental crime’ (TEC) seems to have entered the academic lexicon in different contexts in Michalowski and Bitten (2005) and Elliott (2007a). It has since gained currency as a specific ‘term of art’ within criminology (White 2011), governance and regulation (Bisschop 2015), international political economy (Elliott 2014), international law, and even in security studies (Elliott 2007b). The phrase has also come to be used in the sphere of global public policy, often as a development of earlier and more limited concepts such as international environmental crime (see, for example, Gosling 2014; Stoett 2015). As many of the chapters in this volume indicate, there is no universally accepted definition of transnational environmental crime in international law as there is, for example, of transnational organized crime. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime has a rather tortuous definition of what makes criminal activity transnational. A crime is transnational if it is committed in more than one state; is committed in one state but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction or control takes place in another state; or is committed in one state but has substantial effects in another state (Article 3). André Bossard, former Secretary General of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), has a much simpler definition: the activity must be recognized as a criminal offence in at least two countries as a result of international or national law and a border must be crossed (cited in Friman and Andreas 1999, p. 5). In the case of transnational environmental crime, this bordercrossing can involve the perpetrators, the products and/or the illegal profits. For our purposes, transnational environmental crime involves, and is defined as, crossborder trading of species, resources, waste or pollutants in violation of prohibitions or regulatory regimes established by multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), or in contravention of national laws. It includes the trafficking of illegally logged timber (sometimes called ‘stolen’ timber); the illegal trade in endangered, threatened and protected species; the transboundary dumping of toxic and hazardous

Transnational environmental crime: excavating the complexities – an introduction