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A regular rhythm in music is a strong driver for establishing a synchronised human rhythm. Typically, a human rhythm tends to go along with the musical rhythm in such a way that a salient feature of the human rhythm matches the timing of a salient feature of the musical rhythm. For example, when we tap our finger on a desk, we can match it with the timing of a metronome tick and, when we walk, we can match the cadence of our footfall with the timing of the beat of the music. Salient moments of the rhythm (tap, footfall, beat) are markers for synchronisation. The performer uses them to establish a synchronised action, while the scientist employs them in order to study this particular type of action. But what are the underlying mechanisms behind music-to-movement synchronisation? And which effects does it generate? The goal of this chapter is to introduce and offer different views on the study of these underlying mechanisms, and to show how being locked to the beat of the music can pave the way for an overall empowerment effect, that is, the feeling that music affords energy and contributes to an increase in autonomy and self-determination. In this chapter, we present some recent theoretical and empirical work that focuses on movement rhythm such as walking, running, cycling and dancing. First, we introduce a theoretical umbrella perspective on synchronisation and embodied interaction with music. Then, we focus on some concrete studies that tell us something about the mechanisms of resonance, entrainment and emulation. Finally, we shed some light on possible empowering effects of music.

Body, Sound and Space in Music and Beyond: Multimodal Explorations