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Water and wastewater studies in Malawi have revealed very high levels of heavy metals in most streams and other waterbodies particularly within urban areas. The metals are produced and released during industrial and agricultural activities, and also in vehicular emissions. These metals may pose serious threats to both human health and the environment. This study investigated the potential of mixed clay, obtained from the Tundulu area, in removing, Cd2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ cations and AsO43- anions from aqueous solutions using batch equilibrium technique. Qualitative mineralogical characterisationof the clay revealed that the clay contains illite, distorted kaolinite, mixed layer minerals and non-clay mineral carbonate fluoroapatite. pHpzc for the raw clay, as determined by potentiometric titrations, was 9.66 while pHpzc of pretreated clay was 9.63. Pretreatment of the clay involved removal of carbonates, iron oxides and organic matter. Initial total metal concentrationsranged from 3 to 5 mg/l. pH metal sorption dependence of the clay revealed Cr3+ removal from pH of 3 to complete removal at pH 5 with over 90% of the removal attributable to adsorption on the clay while the remaining 10% attributable to both adsorption and Cr(OH)3 precipitation. Zn2+ complete removal occurred at pH above 7 with 92% attributable to adsorptionwhile the rest could be from both adsorption and hydroxide precipitation. Cu2+ was removed from pH 4 and completely above pH 6.8 with 50% due to adsorption. Cd2+ removal was between pH of 6 and 9 with 85% due to adsorption to the clay. Lead was completely removed at pH greater than 7.67. Removal of Hg2+ at total Hg2+ concentration of 0.023 mM was pHindependent fluctuating between 30 and 60%. No effective removal of AsO43- anion was observed. Water SA Vol.32 (4) 2006: pp.519-526

water s.a./water sa

Removal of Cd&lt;SUP&gt;2+&lt;/SUP&gt;, Cr&lt;SUP&gt;3+&lt;/SUP&gt;, Cu&lt;SUP&gt;2+&lt;/SUP&gt;, Hg&lt;SUP&gt;2+&lt;/SUP&gt;, Pb&lt;SUP&gt;2+&lt;/SUP&gt; and Zn&lt;SUP&gt;2+&lt;/SUP&gt; cations and AsO&lt;SUB&gt;4&lt;/SUB&gt;&lt;SUP&gt;3-&lt;/SUP&gt; anions from aqueous solutions by mixed clay from Tundulu in Malawi and characterisation of the clay