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Accurate determinations of interface depths and velocity fields are crucial for the oil industries in their search for hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, the so called velocity-depth ambiguity has always been a problem with the seismic reflection data that is normally used in petroleum exploration. In this paper the cause of this velocity-depth ambiguity is examined and a methodology is proposed that minimizes non-uniqueness in the inversion results. It is shown that simultaneous inversion of zero offset and offset reflection data as well as refraction data can reproduce accurate velocity-depth model using only certain picked seismic events. A subsequent 2-D Prestack depth migration based on the Kirchhoff method utilizing the velocity field obtained from the tomographic inversion extracts more information from the data and gives a clear picture of the subsurface. The superiority of the simultaneous inversion of the reflected and refracted waves to that of reflected waves alone is demonstrated using real data. Keywords : inversion, non-uniqueness, pre-stack, tomography, velocity-depth ambiguity SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science Vol. 29(1) 2006: 17–26

Unique determination of structure and velocity by 3-D tomographic inversion of reflected and refracted waves