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The saying “Igbo do not have kings”Igbo enweeze (Jell-Bahlsen:13) is undoubtedly one of the most profound statements in Igbo proverbs. Nevertheless, facts predicated on historical evidences have proven that kingship institution existed in Igboland since the pre-colonial period. However, this claim cannot be generalized since it is not applicable to all parts of Igboland. In other words, this simply implies that there are some parts of Igboland whose people could be regarded as the genuine custodians of kingship institution as an imperishable heritage right from the pre-colonial through post-colonial eras. On this basis, therefore, this paper interrogates the development of kingship institution in Oru-Igbo with a view to bringing to the fore the knowledge of kingship institution that existed in Oru-Igbo at different epochs. Therefore, Oru-Igbo are one of the people that had kings in the pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial eras in Igboland as considered in this paper within the period which this discourse focuses on. The knowledge and practice of kingship as an institution are not alien cultures to the Oru-Igbo. The paper examines their relationship with the Igbo at the West of the Niger (today’s Delta State of Nigeria) as well as the Benin people of Nigeria in terms of kingship hence it is a common belief in Oru-Igbo that they migrated from a place called Ado naIdu 1 in the 15 th century. The paper also investigates the essence of Oru 2 or why the people of Oru-Igbo pride themselves as Oru-Igbo instead of strictly identifying themselves as Igbo without the “Oru or Oruness” appendage as they often do when the need arises or when it becomes necessary to accentuate their peculiar culture such as the kingship institution. Interestingly, apart 1 Ado naIdu is located somewhere in-between the boundary of present Edo and Delta States. 2 Oru or Oru-Igbo as the case may be is not to be confused with Oru, slave. The term is an umbrella name for Riverine Igbo found in today’s South-South and South-East of Nigeria. Onumonu: Development of Kingship Institution... 69 from such issues that touch the identity and culture of Oru-Igbo which are regarded as identity makers, Oru-Igbo people do not on concrete and practical terms disassociate themselves from Igbo nation. Towards this end, the paper interrogates the peculiar kingly culture of Oru-Igbo in the South East ( East of the Niger) of Nigeria and how such legacy endured over the years and practically distinguished them from other hinter land Igbo, most especially with respect to culture. Also, in this paper, however, it is discovered that the Oru-Igbo are unarguably Igbo irrespective of their cultural inclination and some other factors that made other “Igbo” create a new identity in the post Nigeria-Biafra civil war of 1967-1970 by declaring themselves as non -“Igbo”. Introduction Without doubt, one of the most outstanding features of Oru-Igbo society at different epochs is kingship institution. It is equally regarded as a long standing institution given its many years of existence. According to Oru-Igbo myth, the need for all communities comprising of Oru-Igbo to have their own king arose when they left Benin 3 for Ado naIdu. OruIgbo people left Benin for Ado naIdu when there was a misunderstanding between the Ika Igbo (non-Benin indigenes) 4 and the 3 Nevertheless, based on the convincing views of most emerging intellectuals in Oru-Igbo who have thoroughly investigated the popular opinion on the age-long held view regarding Benin as Oru-Igbo place of origin, it appears that Benin was simply one of the places Oru-Igbo people settled in the course of their sojourn in the Western Igboland in the pre-colonial era. Their contact with the Benin could be seen as part of their migration experience. With the wealth of influence Benin Empire had over her surrounding neighbours and even those far away from Benin, it is expected that all kinds of social movements would have taken place. 4 At Ado naIdu and other parts of Western Igboland (today’s Delta State) including Benin itself which they equally settled in the pre-colonial period, Oru-Igbo and their other kith and kin were known as Ika-Igbo which means non Benin indigenes. Based on this revelation, one can easily dismiss the claim made by some Igbo who reject their Igbo identity simply because they once had contact with the Benin people at one point in history like the Oru-Igbo in the Western Igboland during the pre-colonial days. Ogirisi: a new journal of African studies vol 12 2016 70 Benin indigenes. The first to leave Ado naIdu among the larger group 5 of Oru-Igbo was Onitsha people who left Benin for Ado naIdu in 1401 (Onumonu,2012:88). The event, as it were, led to the massive convergence of various Ika-Igbo in the region (Ado naIdu). Consequent upon this development, the various communities in Oru-Igbo decided to establish their own separate kingship institution which became an OruIgbo affair in its entirety in 1461. The above referred misunderstanding which took place in the 15 th century acted as a catalyst that propelled the establishment of an exclusive Oru-Igbo kingship and their subsequent roll back migration to Oguta area in today’s Imo State of Nigeria. (Onumonu,2012:88) Furthermore, all the founding fathers of the riverine kingdoms are reputed to have resided in Benin from where they took off after some conflicts with the Benin kingdom. Their migrations which followed such departures are replete with legends of settlements at successive points before arrival at the present site 6 . One prominent 5 The larger group of Oru-Igbo comprises of other riverine Igbo who also have distinct culture slightly different from other Igbo at the hinter land of Igboland. For example, Ogbaru and Onitsha people in today’s Anambra State are riverine Igbo who share this “Oru-Igboness” idea. Others are Igbo in today’s Delta State, especially those domiciled around the River Niger of Nigeria. 6 The present site as seen above refers to the Oguta area in today’s Imo State of Nigeria. The location stretches from the area Eziorsu community occupies down to the area Mgbele community occupies on the northern part of the lake. Oguta community is located on the southern part of the Oguta Lake. OrsuObodo, Kalabari Beach/Aro Quarter, Nnebukwu and Nkwesi are also located at the northern part of the lake. In addition, it is important to stress that the Kalabari Beach/Aro Quarter community became part of Oru-Igbo in the present location and not from the Western Igboland as a result of their long settlement and association with the Oru-Igbo which eventually led to their integration into Oru-Igbo community. Today, they are also regarded as Oru-Igbo. Interestingly, it is also very important to state that all the communities comprising of Oru-Igbo including the KalabariBeac/Aro Quarters are all contiguous, knitted together in a distinct ecological , cultural and Onumonu: Development of Kingship Institution... 71 feature of these migrations, which distinguished them from those of the Nri core, was that they gave prominence to particular individuals who later established themselves as kings and whose children then constituted the royal lineage (Imoagene,1990:14-15). In other words, there were monarchies in areas like; Oru-Igbo (Oguta area), Western Igboland (some areas in today’s Delta State), Onitsha and Ogbaru areas. There were the Obis among the Western Igbo and Onitsha. Presiding over the whole community was the king (Ojiakor,1996:18). Nevertheless, the king did not rule in isolation. Though he was regarded as the father of all, he was not an absolute king. This implies that the leadership of the people was not a “one man affair”. He was, therefore, considered as the representative of the people or what one can regard as being first among equals: kingly officials. He had the mandate to lead but had to work with some selected men who were endowed with the requisite knowledge of government, diplomacy and administration. The king was charged with the responsibility of steering the ship of governance with great sense of responsibility. He was not in any way allowed to impose himself on his people. The selected men who jointly gave kings incredible support were the cultural titles holders and kingly officials. In view of this, it could be said that, the act of governance was made easy to a very reasonable extent. The above-mentioned officials had various constitutional functions which distinguished them from the rest of the public. The king as a matter of fact, was required to consult the cultural title holders and kingly officials who were part of his government before taking an important decision. Therefore, it could be affirmed that the complementary relationship that existed between the cultural title holders and the king reflects the robust political structure that existed in Oru-Igbo. The encounter and experience Oru-Igbo people had with divergent cultures at different historical epochs informed the kind of kingship institution that evolved among Oru-Igbo communities. This does not in any way suggest or mean that Oru-Igbo did not have an established kingship system prior to their contact with the Benin people linguistic zone with freshwater riverine terrain and humid tropical rainforest

The development of kingship institution in Oru-Igbo up to 1991