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Without an adequate understanding of the socio-political context in which a natural environment is embedded, it is impossible to prevent, mitigate and adapt to future unwanted changes in the socio - ecological system. It is advantageous for environmental managers to see the social aspects of the socio-ecological system so that they can understand not only the effects but also the motivations of natural resource use. In Madagascar, lemurs and other mammalian wildlife are hotly contested resources because they are threatened and endemic biodiversity and yet are hunted for food throughout the island. Using semi - structured interviews in nearly 300 households in 19 communities surrounding the Betampona Strict Natural Reserve, our team found that more than 60 % of households had consumed wildlife within the past year, with approximately a quarter of wildlife harvest being illegal and nearly 95 % of wildlife harvest being directed to subsistence consumption and not for sale. Although rates of wildlife consumption were quite low throughout the region, we found a strong effect of the presence of the Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group research station. We found that the rates of wildlife consumption increased by 1.3 times for each kilometer distance from the station. Due to the low rates of wildlife consumption, we did not find a significant impact on human health and anemia (as measured through hemoglobin levels), and very low prevalence of anemia generally compared to other regions of Madagascar. Wildlife consumption does not appear to play a tremendous economic or health role in the communities surrounding this particular protected area, and thus increased enforcement of seasonal infractions of legal species and of all illegal species would be warranted. To improve current levels of nutrition, targeted interventions could focus on domesticated livestock diseases that plague the region. RESUME Lorsque des changements inopines surviennent dans un systeme socio-ecologique, il est impossible de prevenir, d’attenuer et d’adapter si le contexte socio-politique dans lequel un environnement naturel evolue n’est pas bien compris. Les gestionnaires de l’environnement ont tout interet a considerer les aspects sociaux du systeme socio-ecologique de maniere a comprendre non seulement les effets de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles mais aussi ce qui motive cette utilisation. A Madagascar, les lemuriens et d’autres mammiferes sont des ressources vivement contestees car ces especes sont menacees et tout en representant la biodiversite endemique, elles sont cependant chassees pour leur viande sur l’ensemble de l’ile. En utilisant des entretiens semi-structures aupres de 300 menages dans 19 communautes villageoises de la peripherie de la Reserve Naturelle Integrale de Betampona, la presente etude a montre que plus de 60 % des menages avaient consomme du gibier au cours de l’annee ecoulee dont environ un quart de maniere illegale et pres de 95 % pour repondre a des besoins de subsistance mais pas pour la vente. Bien que les taux de consommation de gibier etaient plutot faibles sur l’ensemble de la region, un fort effet de la presence de la station de recherche de Madagascar Fauna and Flora Group a ete note avec des taux de consommation de gibier multiplies par un facteur de 1,3 pour chaque km distant de la station de recherche. En raison des faibles taux de consommation de gibier, aucun impact significatif sur la sante humaine et l’anemie n’a ete observe (tel que mesure par le taux d’hemoglobine) et une prevalence extremement faible de l’anemie generale par rapport a d’autres regions de Madagascar. La consommation de gibier ne semble pas jouer un role economique ou sanitaire majeur pour les communautes de la peripherie de cette aire protegee en particulier, de sorte qu’il serait justifie d’appliquer plus strictement les lois portant sur le calendrier de chasse du gibier autorise et l’interdiction de chasser d’autres especes. Pour ameliorer les niveaux actuels de la nutrition, des interventions ciblees pourraient se concentrer sur les maladies des animaux domestiques qui sevissent dans la region.

Socio - ecological analysis of natural resource use in Betampona Strict Natural Reserve