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Plant fruit/seed production is a central subject of many questions in plant evolutionary and conservation biology. In the Sudano-Sahelian forest of Burkina Faso, fruit and seed production of a common dioecious shrub, Piliostigma reticulatum , were assessed by considering plant size, fruiting success and distance between male and female individuals. The results showed that P. reticulatum has a low production of fruits and seeds (17.63 g ± 3.33 SE of fruit per plant and 0.1045 g ± 0.0018 SE per seed). A large percentage of the seeds aborted (40%) and were damaged by herbivory (10%). The fruiting success ranged from 0.1 to 0.4. The percentage of seeds attacked by insects was negatively correlated with the mean diameter of the canopy and the height of trees. When the female of P. reticulatum was more than 10 meters from the male, fruit and seed productions were greater. The conclusion was that losses of flowers and fruits were important and suggested further information on pollination limitation or genetic studies to identify the cause of the insufficient quality and quantity of fruit and seed productions of P. reticulatum . Keywords : Piliostigma reticulatum, dioecious, fruiting success, soudanian forest, Burkina Faso

Fruit and seed production in a natural population of a dioecious plant: <em>Piliostigma reticulatum</em> HOSCHT (Caesalpinioïdeae)