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Dans le but d’analyser la contribution du poulet indigene a la generation des revenus et a la securite alimentaire dans un menage, une enquete longitudinale d’une annee a ete realisee dans 45 exploitations avicoles du Departement de Salemata (Senegal). Les resultats ont montre que les effectifs de poules sont passes de 17,1 a 23,4 poules. Les causes les plus importantes de variation des effectifs des poules dans un menage ont ete la consommation (25,5%), les ventes (31,22%) et les pertes (38,68%). Les pertes ont ete causees en grande partie par les rapaces (21,61%) et les chats (65,80%). Quant aux circonstances de consommation des poules, les plus importantes ont ete les festivites religieuses (37,97%) et de fin d’annee (26,06%) ainsi que les consommations domestiques (14,34%) ou d’accueil d’un hote (11,52%). Les oeufs pondus (10,2) sont presque tous couves (10,1). Les taux d’eclosion et de mortalite des poussins ont ete de 81,36% et de 47,11%. Le rapport profit sur investissement,  consommations internes du menage incluses, a ete de 4,05. Les  consommations moyennes annuelles d’oeufs et de poules par menage ont ete de 56,7 oeufs et de 48 poules dans un menage de taille moyenne de 7 personnes. Il ressort de cette etude que l’aviculture familiale constitue un moyen d’amelioration de la securite alimentaire et d’attenuation de la pauvrete. Des recherches doivent etre faites pour ameliorer la protection des poussins, l’alimentation et la sante des oiseaux. Mots cles : Aviculture familiale, securite alimentaire, lutte contre la pauvrete, socio-economie, Senegal. English Title: Socio-economic importance of family poultry in Senegal A one-year longitudinal survey was carried out in 45 poultry farms in Salemata Department (Senegal) to show the contribution of family poultry to poverty alleviation and food security in a household. The results showed that chicken numbers increased from 17.1 to 23.4 hens. The most important causes of variation in hen numbers in a household were  consumption (25.5%), losses (38.68%) and sales (31.22% hens). The most frequent causes of mortality were predators (Raptors: 21.61% and cats: 65.80%). The most important circumstances of consumptions were religious holidays (37.97%) and year-end (26.06%), the household (14.34%) or to welcome a host (11.52%). The eggs laid (10.2) are almost all incubated (10.1). The hatching rate and chicks' mortality were 81.36% and 47.11%, respectively. The return (profit/investment) with family consumption was 4.05. The average annual consumption of eggs and chickens per household was 56.7 eggs and 48 chickens in a household size of 7 people. This study shows that family poultry constitute an improving food security and poverty alleviation. Researches are to be done to improve chick protection, feeding and bird health. Keywords : Family poultry, Senegal, socio-economy, food security, poverty alleviation.

Analyse de l’importance socio-économique de l’aviculture familiale dans le Département de Salemata au Sénégal