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Grâce a leur plasticite et leur rusticite, les especes du genre Eucalyptus sont parmi les essences forestieres les plus utilisees pour le reboisement en vue de lutter contre la desertification au Sahel. Toutefois, l’expansion rapide de ces especes originaires d'Australie dans le Sahel, est surtout liee au succes economique de leurs plantations. En effet, les plantations d’ Eucalyptus sont tres rentables, et elles permettent de generer des revenus dans un delai relativement court. Elles contribuent ainsi a l’accroissement des revenus des menages dans les pays saheliens. Cependant, malgre les avantages des plantations d’ Eucalyptus , leur expansion fait l’objet de fortes critiques. En effet, plusieurs observations et travaux ont revele des impacts negatifs de ces plantations sur l’environnement notamment sur le sol et les especes vegetales natives. L’objectif de cette revue est de presenter, d’une part, les impacts positifs et negatifs des plantations d’ Eucalyptus au Sahel, et d’autre part, les mecanismes par lesquels ces essences influencent le sol, particulierement les communautes microbiennes et les especes vegetales natives. Cette revue apporte des reponses scientifiques sur l’impact d’ Eucalyptus et servira de sources d’informations pour les agents des eaux et forets et pour les sylvi-agriculteurs. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Mots cles: Eucalyptus , Sahel, Valeur economique, allelopathie, communaute microbienne, especes vegetales locales English Title: Eucalyptus plantations in the Sahel: distribution, socio-economic importance and ecological concern English Abstract Because of their plasticity and rusticity, Eucalyptus species are among the most widely used hardwood trees for reforestation in order to combat desertification in the Sahel. However, the rapid expansion of these  Australian species in the Sahel is mainly due to the economic success of their plantations. Indeed, Eucalyptus plantations are very profitable, and they make it possible to generate income in a relatively short time. They thus contribute to the increase of household incomes in the Sahelian countries. However, despite the benefits of Eucalyptus plantations, their expansion is subject to strong criticism. Indeed, several works have revealed negative impacts of these plantations on the environment especially on the soil and native plant species. This review aimed at presenting the positive and negative impacts of Eucalyptus plantations in the Sahel and the mechanisms by which these species influence the soil, particularly microbial communities and native plant species. This review provides scientific answers on the impact of Eucalyptus and will serve as sources of information for water and forest agents and sylvi-farmers. © 2017 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Eucalyptus , Sahel, economic value, allelopathy, microbial community, native plant species

Les plantations d’<i>Eucalyptus</i> au Sahel: distribution, importance socio-économique et inquiétude écologique