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Human resources for health (HRH) policy and planning is highly challenging in any setting but the more so in underdeveloped countries. Ethiopia has relatively vast and distinctive experience in accelerated training, use of substitute categories/task-shifting… from which important lessons could be drawn. Based on thorough analysis of documents (official, unofficial, government and others) and 1st hand experience of the authors, the paper explores the major issues in HRH development between 1941 – end of the Italian Occupation - and 2010 – end of the Health Sector Development Program (HSDP) III. The socio-cultural and economic context; development in education, higher education in particular and the general human resources development policy, strategy and plans in the successive periods are assessed briefly. Major developments of • Reconstruction and Basic Health Services Period (1941-1974) : the successive five-year plans; the training of orderlies/dressers, the 1st nursing schools, training abroad…; the Gondar Public Health College and the Gondar Team; the beginnings of medical education … • Primary Health Care Period (1974-1991) the Ten Years Perspective Health Plan; the training of Community Health Workers - Community Health Agents and Trained Traditional Birth Attendants -, nurse practitioners, health assistants; discontinuation of the health officers (HO) training, the initiation of Jimma College of Health Sciences and of post-graduate training in medicine at the Faculty of Medicine Addis Ababa University… • Sector-Wide Approach Period (1991-2010) the Health Sector Development Programs I-III, the reintroduction of Health Officers training, the accelerated training/‘Flooding Strategy’, Health Extension Workers, retention/‘Brain-Drain’ of health workers… are explored in some depth and lessons drawn for future HRH development in the country. The conclusions underscore the laudable efforts in all periods but difficulties of learning from the past; the continued very low workforce density and the highly skewed distribution; the recurring challenges of sustained human resources development – quality, motivation, retention… - of the task-shifting and accelerated training attempts and the need to develop specific HRH policy and strategy.

ethiopian journal of health development

The status of school sanitation facilities in some selected primary and secondary schools in Dessie City Administration, South Wello Zone, Amhara Region