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Was the spread of agropastoralism from the Eurasian founder regions dominatedby demic or by cultural diffusion? This study employs a mathematical model ofregional sociocultural development that includes different diffusion processes,local innovation and societal adaptation. Simulations hindcast the emergenceand expansion of agropastoral life style in 294 regions of Eurasia and NorthAfrica. Different scenarios for demic and diffusive exchange processes betweenadjacent regions are contrasted and the spatiotemporal pattern of diffusiveevents is evaluated. This study supports from a modeling perspective thehypothesis that there is no simple or exclusive demic or cultural diffusion,but that in most regions of Eurasia a combination of demic and culturalprocesses were important. Furthermore, we demonstrate the strong spatial andtemporal variability in the balance of spread processes. Each region showssometimes more demic, and at other times more cultural diffusion. Only few,possibly environmentally marginal, areas show a dominance of demic diffusion.This study affirms that diffusion processes should be investigated in adiachronic fashion and not from a time-integrated perspective.

Cultural and Demic Diffusion of First Farmers, Herders, and their Innovations Across Eurasia