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The increased efficiency and specific output with Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines are well known, but so too are the higher levels ofParticulate Matter emissions compared with Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines. To minimise Particulate Matter emissions, then it is necessary tounderstand and control the mixture preparation process, and important insights into GDI engine mixture preparation and combustion can be obtainedfrom optical access engines. Such data is also crucial for validating models that predict flows, sprays and air fuel ratio distributions. The purpose ofthis paper is to review a number of optical techniques; the interpretation of the results is engine specific so will not be covered here. Mie scatteringcan be used for semi-quantitative measurements of the fuel spray and this can be followed with Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) fordetermining the air fuel ratio and temperature distributions. With PLIF, very careful in-situ calibration is needed, and for temperature this can beprovided by Laser Induced Thermal Grating Spectroscopy (LITGS). LITGS temperature measurements can also be used to quantify the differencesin evaporative cooling with different fuels, thereby explaining observed changes in the volumetric efficiency. Natural light photography can be usedfor tracking flame fronts, and with suitable calibration of the colour filter array in a high speed colour video camera, then soot pyrometry can beemployed to estimate the temperature and soot loading. The rich information derived from optical techniques drives their proliferation in research

Optical Techniques that can be Applied to Investigate GDI Engine Combustion