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The best known aspect of urban microclimate is the "heat island" which can range from 2° C for a village of 1,000 inhabitants to 12° C for a large city.This article examines the changes caused by urbanisation and how they are brought about. Current literature, chiefly concerned with urban climate in summertime ascribes the changes, not so much to human activities as to changes of surface characteristics of retention of moisture and heat, and of albedo. This article gives the results of two campaigns, CLU-Escompte and Capitoul.The latter tried to measure urban energy consumption and exchanges between the surface in the centre of Toulouse and the boundary layer. It showed clearly the overall heating caused by human energy use during wintertime. The results compared favourably with those from the Town Energy Balance atmospheric model. Thus it is now possible to visualise a model combining all the components of the urban system, microclimate, hydrology, noise propagation and buildings.

De l'observation du microclimat urbain à la modélisation intégrée de la ville