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Prologue Concerning the meanings of bian 變 and bianwen 變文, which appear in the titles of 18 Dunhuang manuscripts1, there have been dozens of articles2 written, but their meanings and definitions remain obscure. As is pointed out, they are clearly related to paintings.3 However, as their meanings have not been clearly defined, some Dunhuang documents, which are apparently nothing to do with paintings, are often incorrectly labelled in modern publications as bianwen. In addition, it is not yet clear how they are related to paintings. At first, we shall investigate the meaning of bian 變 in Chinese translations, which have parallels in other languages, and then in non-translation texts. After that, we shall examine the meaning of bianxiang 變相, and finally clarify what bianwen 變文 means.

Meanings of <i>bian</i>, <i>bianxiang</i>, and <i>bianwen</i>