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Background: Salvage radiotherapy has been used as the treatment for patients with local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. However, the therapy is time-consuming and it experiences adverse effects of some kind. Simple and less invasive treatment is highly anticipated. Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes of salvage transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy for patients with localized recurrence of a vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA) after radical prostatectomy. Material and methods: Sixteen patients with suspected local recurrence of a VUA after prostatectomy were treated with HIFU. All patients had prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure (>0.2 ng/ml), positive findings of a VUA with biopsy and/or MRI, TRUS and CT, and no distant metastasis by CT, MRI and bone scintigraphy before HIFU. Recurrence after HIFU was determined by PSA failure (>0.2 ng/ml), histological findings, metastasis and start of systemic therapies. Results: HIFU treatments were performed in 16 patients, and followed-up for 7 - 159 months (median 46.5). The pre-HIFU PSA levels ranged from 0.318 to 3.1 ng/ml. Sonication time ranged from 9 - 42 min. All patients had a decline of PSA after HIFU, and 88% of the PSA nadir was <0.2 ng/ml. Recurrence free survival (RFS) rates of 5 year were 31.3%. Nadir PSA was significantly associated with recurrence, whereas initial PSA, pre-HIFU PSA, duration and risk group after prostatectomy were not. There were no intraoperative adverse effects. In the 1 - 3 months after HIFU, there was some difficulty voiding in 4 cases (grade 1), urgency incontinence in 3 cases (grade 1 or 2). Conclusion: HIFU therapy for local recurrence after prostatectomy may become a feasible salvage therapeutic option because of its ease and simple procedure. For salvage HIFU therapy, further research and additional follow-up are required to evaluate and correct the diagnosis of recurrence areas and to provide the sufficient sonication.

Salvage Transrectal High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy for Patients with Recurrence of Vesico-Urethral Anastomosis after Radical Prostatectomy