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Access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) in resource-limited countries has increased signif-icantly but scaling up ART into rural areas is more recent and information on treatment outcome in rural areas is still very limited. We reported here virological outcome and drug resistance in ART in rural settings in Togo. Methods: HIV-1 infected adults (≥18 years) and infants were enrolled in routine medical visit at 12 on first-line ART in three HIV care centers. Epidemiological and demographic information and data on ART history were collected. Viral load (VL) was determined and genotypic drug resistance testing was performed on all samples with viral load above 1000 copies/ml. Results: 102 adult patients and 27 infants were consecutively enrolled. Virological failure was observed in 28 (21.5%) patients. For 25/28 patients, sequencing was successful and drug resistance mutations were observed in 23 (92%) of them. The global prevalence of drug resistance in the study population was thus at least 17.8% (23/129), with 7 (6.9%) patients infected with HIV strains that are resistant to two of the three first-line antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs and 9 (8.3%) to all three first-line ARVs. As expected, the observed drug resistance mutations were mainly associated with the drugs used in first line regimens, zidovudine, lamivudine and effavirenz/nevirapine but several patients accumulated high numbers of mutations and developed also cross-resistance to abacavir, didanosine or the new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs, like etravirine and rilpivirine. Conclusion: The observations on ART treatment outcome from ART clinics in rural areas are the same as observed in previous observations in Lome, the capital city. Although access to viral load will improve treatment outcome, better programme management and implementation of actions to improve factors as patient adherence, drugs stock-outs and lost to follow-up are also essential.

Drug Resistance Mutations and Genetic Diversity in Patients Treated for HIV Type 1 Infection in Rural Care Centers in Togo