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Deep troughs in Lake Superior support the hypothesis of Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) comet impact 12,900 BP. The impact theory explains the megafauna extinction, a black mat across the Northern hemisphere, nanodiamonds, platinum and iridium, and the enigmatic Carolina Bays (CB). While the CB were thought to predate Clovis cultural remains, but this must now be seen as spurious as the CB occur on Long Island, an LGM terminal moraine & on end-glacial flood plains, according to Allen West. The CB sand rims are exceptionally pure quartz with large phenocrysts, and also they exude hydrogen (H). This suggests origin from deep granitic plutons, the granite typically being over-saturated with silica. When the Russian Kola Peninsula Superdeep Borehole had reached 40,000 ft, H was boiling from the borehole. This H is among volatiles copiously dissolved in the mantle, from the primitive solar nebula. The granite is from the Lake Superior Province. Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron & Ontario have deep holes, reaching to below sea level. Bathymetry exhibits a ~145 km circular contour in Eastern L. Superior, where deep troughs occur, eroded in breccias infilling impact explosion cavities many kms deep, as much as 15 to 35 km, the comet fragments coming in from the NW, with the holes lined up along the trajectory. This was an oblique impact with an extremely low angle of incidence, so the ejected granite quartz sands ended up in the CB along the Eastern seaboard principally.

Younger Dryas Comet 12,900 BP