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Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are often used for environmentaland industrial sensing in undersea/ocean space, therefore, these networks arealso named underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Underwater sensornetworks are different from other sensor networks due to the acoustic channelused in their physical layer, thus we should discuss about the specificfeatures of these underwater networks such as acoustic channel modeling andprotocol design for different layers of open system interconnection (OSI)model. Each node of these networks as a sensor needs to exchange data withother nodes; however, complexity of the acoustic channel makes some challengesin practice, especially when we are designing the network protocols. Thereforebased on the mentioned cases, we are going to review general issues of thedesign of a UASN in this paper. In this regard, we firstly describe the networkarchitecture for a typical 3D UASN, then we review the characteristics of theacoustic channel and the corresponding challenges of it and finally, we discussabout the different layers e.g. MAC protocols, routing protocols, and signalprocessing for the application layer of UASNs.

A Survey on Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: Perspectives on Protocol Design for Signaling, MAC and Routing