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Absorption and emission in inorganic bipolar solar cells based on lowdimensional structures exhibiting the effects of quantum confinement isinvestigated in the framework of a comprehensive microscopic theory of theoptical and electronic degrees of freedom of the photovoltaic system. In aquantum-statistical treatment based on non-equilibrium Green's functions, theoptical transition rates are related to the conservation of electroniccurrents, providing a quantum version of the balance equations describing theoperation of a photovoltaic device. The generalized Planck law used for thedetermination of emission from an excited semiconductor in quasi-equilibrium isreplaced by an expression of extended validity, where no assumptions on thedistribution of electrons and photons are made. The theory is illustrated bythe numerical simulation of single quantum well diodes at the radiative limit.

Microscopic theory of absorption and emission in nanostructured solar cells: Beyond the generalized Planck formula