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The present study is a modest attempt to quantify the water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in ambient air during early (fog forming) hours in the winter season through dissolution method using a low cost re-fluxing mist chamber over the sites located in central part of Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). Chemical composition of bulk samples showed a significant difference in WSIIs was observed at urban and rural sites with NH4+ (47% and 37%) and Ca2+ (18% and 8%, respectively) as major cations and NO3- (10% and 16%) and SO42- (9% and 14%, respectively) as major anions. Monthly variation of the WSIIs has shown a spike in November months at both the sites (∑WSII = 159.6 and 141.9 µg m-3, respectively) due to two major extreme air pollution events, i.e. i) crop residue burning incidents and ii) pollution induced by Diwali festival. Such observations were corroborated with the prevailing meteorological factors and found to play an essential role in the wintertime atmospheric chemistry. Significant scavenging of crustal dust associated species (Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and Cl-) was observed on fog days, whereas ambient levels of other species (K+, NH4+, NO2-, NO3- and SO42-) were least affected by fog occurrence. Furthermore, the relationship between cations and anions have shown that NH3 and HONO, as primary gaseous species, are involved with the heterogeneous aqueous phase reactions and formation of secondary aerosols. Source apportionment using principal component analysis and mass ratios showed that apart from natural sources like soil/road dust and biogenic emissions, local anthropogenic sources also affect the atmospheric composition of WSIIs. Vehicular exhausts, solid waste and biofuel burning were identified as the major contributors at the urban site and biomass burning, agricultural activities and coal combustion in brick kilns were predominant sources of WSIIs at the rural site.

Extreme Air Pollution Events Spiking Ionic Levels at Urban and Rural Sites of Indo-Gangetic Plain