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We survey work on the paradigm called "computing by observing." Its centralfeature is that one considers the behavior of an evolving system as the resultof a computation. To this end an observer records this behavior. It has turnedout that the observed behavior of computationally simple systems can be verycomplex, when an appropriate observer is used. For example, a restrictedversion of context-free grammars with regular observers suffices to obtaincomputational completeness. As a second instantiation presented here, we applyan observer to sticker systems. Finally, some directions for further researchare proposed.

Complexity through the Observation of Simple Systems